Pakistan Studies by HEC page 5,6

by

REMARKS

            Mr. Aas Muhammad embodies industriousness, diligence, and compassion. He is currently under my supervision in the PhD law program and serves as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Law at the Faculty of Law, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

            He has authored several books covering syllabus of LLB 5-Years Program, including subjects such as Functional English, Islamic Studies, Introduction to Sociology, Introduction to Law, Principles of Political Science, Pakistan Studies, Communication Skills, Islamic Jurisprudence, Constitutional Law (UK and USA), English Jurisprudence, Law of Contract and Sales of Goods Act, Constitution of Pakistan, 1973, Law of Torts and Easement, Islamic Personal Law, Criminal Law, Laws of Property and Law of Business Organization. Many other books are under process, that will be available very soon for law learners and students after duly publication.

            Having personally read his books, I found them to be highly informative, practical, and enlightening for readers of all backgrounds. I wholeheartedly recommend his works to all law colleges affiliated with the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, confident that they will greatly benefit law students. (In Sha Allah!)

Prof. Dr Rao Imran Habib

Dean: Faculty of Law

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

PAKISTAN STUDIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iii

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………………………….. v

Course Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………………. vii

Syllabus of LL.B 5-Years Program……………………………………………………………….. ix

Remarks…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. xiii

Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………………………….. xv

CHAPTER-1

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

  1. Introductory Words: 1
  2. Meaning of Ideology of Pakistan: 1
  3. Two-Nation Theory: 1
  4. Islamic Principles: 2

III.             Unity, Faith, and Discipline: 2

  1. Territorial Integrity: 2
  2. Social Justice and Equality: 2
  3. Democracy and Rule of Law: 2

VII.            Pluralism and Tolerance: 3

VIII.          Economic Development: 3

  1. Education and Knowledge: 3
  2. Global Peace and Cooperation: 3
  3. Concept of Two Nation Theory: 4
  4. Fundamental Premise: 4
  5. Religious Basis: 4

III.             Historical Roots: 4

  1. Political Evolution: 4
  2. Cultural and Social Distinctions: 5
  3. Need for Separate Nation: 5

VII.            Lahore Resolution: 5

VIII.          Historical Conflicts: 5

  1. Impact on Indian Independence: 5
  2. Legacy and Criticism: 6
  3. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Ideology of Pakistan: 6
  4. Two-Nation Theory: 6
  5. Islamic Principles: 6

III.             Religious Freedom: 7

  1. Democratic Values: 7
  2. Social Justice: 7
  3. Unity in Diversity: 7

VII.            Education and Progress: 8

VIII.          Rule of Law: 8

  1. Foreign Policy and National Security: 8
  2. Legacy and Inspiration: 8
  3. Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Ideology of Pakistan: 9
  4. Philosophical Visionary: 9
  5. Intellectual Precursor: 9

III.             Islamic Principles: 9

  1. Muslim Unity: 10
  2. Spiritual Revival: 10
  3. Selfhood and Individuality: 10

VII.            Economic Justice: 10

VIII.          Educational Reforms: 11

  1. Vision of Islamic Democracy: 11
  2. Political Activism: 11
  3. Legacy and Influence: 11
  4. Historical Background of Ideology of Pakistan: 12
  5. Colonial Legacy: 12
  6. Partition of Bengal (1905): 12

III.             Muslim League Formation: 12

  1. Lucknow Pact (1916): 12
  2. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919): 13
  3. Khilafat Movement (1919-1924): 13

VII.            Nehru Report (1928): 13

VIII.          Allahabad Address (1930): 13

  1. Lahore Resolution (1940): 13
  2. Independence and Partition (1947): 14
  3. Impact of Islam on Ideology of Pakistan: 14
  4. Foundational Principle: 14
  5. Islamic Ideals: 14

III.             Foundation of the Two-Nation Theory: 15

  1. Demand for a Separate Muslim State: 15
  2. Islamic Republic of Pakistan: 15
  3. Legal System and Sharia: 15

VII.            Education and Social Values: 16

VIII.          Political Landscape: 16

  1. Foreign Policy: 16
  2. Vision of a Just Society: 16
  3. Concluding Words: 17

CHAPTER-2

AIMS AND REASONS OF THE
CREATION OF PAKISTAN

  1. Introductory Words: 19
  2. Aims and Reasons of the Creation of Pakistan: 19
  3. Safeguarding Muslim Rights: 19
  4. Two-Nation Theory: 19

III.             Religious Freedom: 20

  1. Cultural Identity: 20
  2. Political Autonomy: 20
  3. Economic Prosperity: 20

VII.            Security Concerns: 21

VIII.          Unity and Cohesion: 21

  1. Peaceful Coexistence: 21
  2. Historical Context: 21
  3. National Services of Mujaddid Alaf Sani: 22
  4. Revival of Islamic Spirituality: 22
  5. Opposition to Syncretism: 22

III.             Struggle Against Akbar’s Din-i Ilahi: 22

  1. Promotion of Sunnah: 23
  2. Defender of Sharia: 23
  3. Spiritual Guidance and Counseling: 23

VII.            Educational Reforms: 23

VIII.          Social Justice: 23

  1. Unity Among Muslims: 24
  2. Legacy of Spiritual Revival: 24
  3. Services of Syed Ahmad Shaheed: 24
  4. Birth and Early Life: 25
  5. Education and Spiritual Training: 25

III.             Reformist Ideals: 25

  1. Jihad Movement: 25
  2. Founding of the Mujahideen Movement: 25
  3. Military Campaigns: 26

VII.            Death in Battle: 26

VIII.          Impact and Legacy: 26

  1. Literary Works: 26
  2. Symbol of Resistance: 27
  3. Era of East India Company: 27
  4. Establishment of the East India Company: 27
  5. Trading Activities: 28

III.             Expansion of Influence: 28

  1. Battle of Plassey (1757): 28
  2. Company Rule: 28
  3. Economic Exploitation: 28

VII.            Social and Cultural Impact: 29

VIII.          Reforms and Modernization: 29

  1. Sepoy Mutiny (1857): 29
  2. End of Company Rule: 29
  3. Era of Political Awareness: 30
  4. Formation of Political Organizations: 30
  5. Spread of Education: 30

III.             Role of Newspapers and Publications: 31

  1. Intellectual Awakening: 31
  2. Partition of Bengal (1905): 31
  3. Formation of All India Muslim League: 31

VII.            Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922): 32

VIII.          Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934): 32

  1. Round Table Conferences: 32
  2. Formation of Provincial Governments: 32
  3. Urdu Hindi Controversy (1867): 33
  4. Language Divide: 33
  5. British Policy: 33

III.             Urdu as Language of Elite: 34

  1. Hindi as Vernacular: 34
  2. Opposition from Urdu Speakers: 34
  3. Language Politics: 34

VII.            Resistance and Protests: 34

VIII.          Impact on Education and Administration: 35

  1. Resolution and Compromise: 35
  2. Legacy: 35
  3. Separate Electorate: 36
  4. Historical Context: 36
  5. Representation: 36

III.             Demand for Autonomy: 36

  1. Lucknow Pact (1916): 36
  2. Minto-Morley Reforms (1909): 37
  3. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919): 37

VII.            Criticism: 37

VIII.          Impact on Indian Nationalism: 37

  1. Partition and Aftermath: 37
  2. Legacy: 38
  3. Partition of Bengal (1905): 38
  4. Background: 38
  5. Motivation: 39

III.             Economic Factors: 39

  1. Political Ramifications: 39
  2. Bengali Identity: 39
  3. Lord Curzon: 40

VII.            Reversal of Partition: 40

VIII.          Impact on Indian Nationalism: 40

  1. Legacy: 40
  2. Partition’s Aftermath: 40
  3. Simla Deputation (1906): 41
  4. Purpose: 41
  5. Delegates: 41

III.             Background: 41

  1. Demands: 42
  2. Representation: 42
  3. Reception: 42

VII.            Success: 42

VIII.          Impact: 42

  1. All-India Muslim League: 43
  2. Legacy: 43
  3. Concluding Words: 43

CHAPTER-3

INITIAL EFFORTS FOR THE
CREATION OF PAKISTAN

  1. Introductory Words: 45
  2. Aims and Reasons of the Creation of Pakistan: 45
  3. Safeguarding Muslim Rights: 45

XII.            Two-Nation Theory: 45

XIII.          Religious Freedom: 46

XIV.           Cultural Identity: 46

  1. Political Autonomy: 46

XVI.           Economic Prosperity: 46

XVII.         Security Concerns: 47

XVIII.        Unity and Cohesion: 47

XIX.           Peaceful Coexistence: 47

  1. Historical Context: 47
  2. National Services of Mujaddid Alaf Sani: 48
  3. Revival of Islamic Spirituality: 48

XII.            Opposition to Syncretism: 48

XIII.          Struggle Against Akbar’s Din-i Ilahi: 48

XIV.           Promotion of Sunnah: 49

  1. Defender of Sharia: 49

XVI.           Spiritual Guidance and Counseling: 49

XVII.         Educational Reforms: 49

XVIII.        Social Justice: 49

XIX.           Unity Among Muslims: 50

  1. Legacy of Spiritual Revival: 50
  2. Services of Syed Ahmad Shaheed: 50
  3. Birth and Early Life: 51

XII.            Education and Spiritual Training: 51

XIII.          Reformist Ideals: 51

XIV.           Jihad Movement: 51

  1. Founding of the Mujahideen Movement: 51

XVI.           Military Campaigns: 52

XVII.         Death in Battle: 52

XVIII.        Impact and Legacy: 52

XIX.           Literary Works: 52

  1. Symbol of Resistance: 53
  2. Era of East India Company: 53
  3. Establishment of the East India Company: 53

XII.            Trading Activities: 54

XIII.          Expansion of Influence: 54

XIV.           Battle of Plassey (1757): 54

  1. Company Rule: 54

XVI.           Economic Exploitation: 54

XVII.         Social and Cultural Impact: 55

XVIII.        Reforms and Modernization: 55

XIX.           Sepoy Mutiny (1857): 55

  1. End of Company Rule: 55

7Era of Political Awareness: 56

  1. Formation of Political Organizations: 56

XII.            Spread of Education: 56

XIII.          Role of Newspapers and Publications: 57

XIV.           Intellectual Awakening: 57

  1. Partition of Bengal (1905): 57

XVI.           Formation of All India Muslim League: 57

XVII.         Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922): 58

XVIII.        Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934): 58

XIX.           Round Table Conferences: 58

  1. Formation of Provincial Governments: 58
  2. Urdu Hindi Controversy (1867): 59
  3. Language Divide: 59

XII.            British Policy: 59

XIII.          Urdu as Language of Elite: 60

XIV.           Hindi as Vernacular: 60

  1. Opposition from Urdu Speakers: 60

XVI.           Language Politics: 60

XVII.         Resistance and Protests: 60

XVIII.        Impact on Education and Administration: 61

XIX.           Resolution and Compromise: 61

  1. Legacy: 61
  2. Separate Electorate: 62
  3. Historical Context: 62

XII.            Representation: 62

XIII.          Demand for Autonomy: 62

XIV.           Lucknow Pact (1916): 62

  1. Minto-Morley Reforms (1909): 63

XVI.           Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919): 63

XVII.         Criticism: 63

XVIII.        Impact on Indian Nationalism: 63

XIX.           Partition and Aftermath: 63

  1. Legacy: 64
  2. Partition of Bengal (1905): 64
  3. Background: 64

XII.            Motivation: 65

XIII.          Economic Factors: 65

XIV.           Political Ramifications: 65

  1. Bengali Identity: 65

XVI.           Lord Curzon: 66

XVII.         Reversal of Partition: 66

XVIII.        Impact on Indian Nationalism: 66

XIX.           Legacy: 66

  1. Partition’s Aftermath: 66

12 Simla Deputation (1906): 67

  1. Purpose: 67

XII.            Delegates: 67

XIII.          Background: 67

XIV.           Demands: 68

  1. Representation: 68

XVI.           Reception: 68

XVII.         Success: 68

XVIII.        Impact: 68

XIX.           All-India Muslim League: 69

  1. Legacy: 69
  2. Concluding Words: 69

CHAPTER-4

FINAL EFFORTS FOR THE CREATION OF PSKISTAN

  1. Introductory Words: 71
  2. Allama Iqbal’s Adress 1930: 71
  3. Concept of a Separate Muslim State: 72
  4. Geographical Proposal: 72

III.             Distinct Muslim Identity: 72

  1. Critique of a Unified Indian Nationalism: 72
  2. Political Empowerment: 72
  3. Economic Justice: 73

VII.            Religious and Cultural Preservation: 73

VIII.          Self-Governance: 73

  1. Influence on Future Leaders: 73
  2. Legacy and Historical Significance: 73
  3. Roundtable Conferences 1930,1931 and 1932: 74
  4. First Round Table Conference (1930–31): 74
  5. Date and Venue: 74
  6. Objective: 74

iii.         Absence of the Indian National Congress (INC): 75

  1. British Government Representatives: 75
  2. Diverse Indian Participation: 75
  3. Federal Structure Proposal: 75

vii.        Provincial Autonomy: 75

viii.       Minority Rights: 76

  1. Economic and Social Reforms: 76
  2. Inconclusive Outcomes: 76
  3. Second Round Table Conference (1931): 76
  4. Participation of the Indian National Congress (INC): 77
  5. Expanded Indian Representation: 77

iii.         Key Figures: 77

  1. Main Issues Discussed: 78
  2. Federal Structure: 78
  3. Minority Representation: 78

vii.        Gandhi’s Role: 78

viii.       Communal Award: 78

  1. Economic and Social Reforms: 79
  2. Inconclusive Outcomes: 79

III.             Third Round Table Conference (1932): 79

  1. Reduced Indian Participation: 80
  2. Key British Participants: 80

iii.         Limited Indian Representation: 80

  1. Focus on Detailed Constitutional Proposals: 80
  2. Federal Structure: 80
  3. Provincial Autonomy: 81

vii.        Minority Safeguards: 81

viii.       Communal Representation: 81

  1. Economic and Social Issues: 81
  2. Outcomes and the White Paper: 81
  3. The Government of India Act, 1935: 82
  4. Federal Structure: 82
  5. Provincial Autonomy: 83

III.             Bicameral Legislatures: 83

  1. Division of Powers: 83
  2. Introduction of Dyarchy at the Centre: 83
  3. Federal Court: 84

VII.            Extension of Franchise: 84

VIII.          Safeguards and Reservations: 84

  1. Representation of Minorities: 84
  2. Response and Impact: 84
  3. Congress Ministries (Dark Period for Muslims, 1937-39): 85
  4. Congress Ministries Formation: 85
  5. Majority Rule Concerns: 85

III.             Language and Cultural Issues: 86

  1. Education Policies: 86
  2. Religious Discrimination: 86
  3. Employment Discrimination: 86

VII.            Economic Policies: 87

VIII.          Waqf Properties: 87

  1. Political Representation: 87
  2. Muslim League’s Response: 87
  3. The Pakistan Resolution, 1940: 88
  4. Date and Venue: 88
  5. Proposed by A.K. Fazlul Huq: 88

III.             Presided by Muhammad Ali Jinnah: 88

  1. Demand for Separate States: 89
  2. Rejection of a United India: 89
  3. Two-Nation Theory: 89

VII.            Vague Territorial Boundaries: 89

VIII.          Reaction from the Indian National Congress: 90

  1. Support from Muslims: 90
  2. Historical Significance: 90
  3. Major Events from 1940-1946: 90
  4. Lahore Resolution (March 23, 1940): 91
  5. World War II and India’s Involvement: 91

III.             Cripps Mission (1942): 91

  1. Quit India Movement (August 8, 1942): 91
  2. Cripps Mission Failure: 91
  3. Famine in Bengal: 92

VII.            Gandhi-Jinnah Talks: 92

VIII.          Simla Conference (June-July 1945): 92

  1. End of World War II (September 1945): 92
  2. Elections to the Constituent Assembly: 92
  3. Cabinet Mission Plan (March-May 1946): 93

XII.            Direct Action Day (August 16, 1946): 93

XIII.          Interim Government Formation (September 2, 1946): 93

XIV.           Naval Mutiny (February 1946): 93

  1. Cabinet Mission Plan 1946: 94
  2. Background: 94
  3. Members of the Mission: 94

III.             Objectives: 94

  1. Proposed Federal Structure: 94
  2. Groupings of Provinces: 95
  3. Constituent Assembly: 95

VII.            Interim Government: 95

VIII.          Rejection of Partition: 95

  1. Reaction of Political Parties: 96
  2. Breakdown and Consequences: 96
  3. Concluding Words: 96

CHAPTER-5

CREATION OF PAKISTAN AND ITS INITIAL PROBLEMS

  1. Introductory Words: 97
  2. 3rd June 1947 Partition Plan: 97
  3. Announcement and Context: 97
  4. Acceptance of Partition: 98

III.             Division of Provinces: 98

  1. Referendums and Choice: 98
  2. Princely States: 98
  3. Independence Date: 99

VII.            Boundary Commissions: 99

VIII.          Communal Violence: 99

  1. Mass Migration: 99
  2. Legacy and Impact: 100
  3. The Redcliffe Award: 100
  4. Boundary Commissions: 100
  5. Sir Cyril Radcliffe: 101

III.             Task and Timeline: 101

  1. Criteria for Demarcation: 101
  2. Consultations and Decisions: 101
  3. Announcement of the Award: 101

VII.            Impact on Punjab: 102

VIII.          Impact on Bengal: 102

  1. Communal Violence and Refugee Crisis: 102
  2. Long-Term Consequences: 102
  3. The Creation of Pakistan in 1947: 103
  4. Two-Nation Theory: 103
  5. Role of All-India Muslim League: 103

III.             Lahore Resolution: 104

  1. Mountbatten Plan: 104
  2. Independence and Partition: 104
  3. Mass Migration and Violence: 104

VII.            Refugee Crisis: 104

VIII.          Economic Instability: 105

  1. Political and Administrative Challenges: 105
  2. Legacy and Impact: 105
  3. Initial Problems of Pakistan in 1947: 105
  4. Mass Migration and Refugee Crisis: 106
  5. Communal Violence: 106

III.             Economic Instability: 106

  1. Political and Administrative Challenges: 106
  2. Border Disputes and Conflict: 107
  3. Integration of Princely States: 107

VII.            Social and Cultural Challenges: 107

VIII.          Security Concerns: 107

  1. Diplomatic Recognition: 108
  2. Nation-Building and Identity Formation: 108
  3. Parliamentary Democracy: 108
  4. Legislative Supremacy: 109
  5. Executive-Parliament Relationship: 109

III.             Cabinet Responsibility: 109

  1. Bicameral or Unicameral: 109
  2. Role of the Prime Minister: 109
  3. Role of the Opposition: 110

VII.            Vote of Confidence: 110

VIII.          Constitutional Monarchy or Republic: 110

  1. Separation of Powers: 110
  2. Political Stability: 111
  3. Concluding Words: 111
  • Previous Papers………………………………………………………………………………. 113

XXX

Leave a Comment